A Study in Contrast: Sources of Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Secondary English

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación sobre la influencia de un curso específico sobre una materia en el desarrollo del conocimiento didáctico del contenido en el área de inglés, a través de la comparación entre los estudios de casos de seis profesores de inglés principiantes, sólo tres de ellos se graduaron tras seguir programas de formación del profesorado. Describe las diferencias en el conocimiento de los profesores teniendo en cuenta los objetivos de la enseñanza del inglés en Secundaria, el conocimiento curricular y el conocimiento en cuanto a la comprensión de los alumnos. Se conceptualiza el conocimiento didáctico del contenido del área de inglés y se extraen implicaciones para la mejora de la formación del profesorado.Grossman investigated the influence of subject-specific course-work in the development of pedagogical content knowledge in English through contrasting case studies of six beginning English teachers, only three of whom graduated from teacher education. She describes the differences in the teacher’knowledge regarding the purposes for teaching secondary English, curricular knowledge, and knowledge of student understanding. The study poses a number of implications for policy, research, and practice regarding teacher education: developing body of research on the knowledge base of teaching, particularly to the conceptualization of pedagogical content knowledge; and rethinking the subject matter for a pedagogical perspective.Grupo de Investigación FORCE (Formación Centrada en la Escuela). Universidad de Granad

Un estudio comparado: Las fuentes del conocimiento didáctico el contenido en la enseñanza del inglés en secundaria

El artículo expone los resultados de una investigación sobre la influencia de un curso específico sobre una materia en el desarrollo del conocimiento didáctico del contenido en el área de inglés, a través de la comparación entre los estudios de casos de seis profesores de inglés principiantes, sólo tres de ellos se graduaron tras seguir programas de formación del profesorado. Describe las diferencias en el conocimiento de los profesores teniendo en cuenta los objetivos de la enseñanza del inglés en Secundaria, el conocimiento curricular y el conocimiento en cuanto a la comprensión de los alumnos. Se conceptualiza el conocimiento didáctico del contenido del área de inglés y se extraen implicaciones para la mejora de la formación del profesorado

Teachers of Substance: Subject Matter Knowledge for Teaching

In this paper they are put forward, in the first place, a overview of the reasons why, in the american context, teacher education must share the responsability for the transmission of subject matter knowledge to prospective teachers. They move to a discussion of the research that has been done in this area, getting into focus in your research program about “Growth of Knowledge in Teaching”. Finally, they explore four prominent dimensions of the knowledge for the teaching: subject matter knowledge, substantive knowledge, syntactic knowledge, and beliefs about subject matter

Curriculum Materials for Elementary Reading: Shackles and Scaffolds for Four Beginning Teachers

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to learn how beginning elementary teachers understood and used curriculum materials for teaching reading, and how, in turn, these materials shaped teachers\u27 instruction. We followed 4 teachers who worked in markedly different school situations and were provided a variety of curriculum materials, ranging from scripted reading programs to supplemental materials without teaching guides. Data were gathered through classroom observations, interviews, and curriculum artifacts over the teachers\u27 first 3 years on the job. Our analysis suggested that curriculum materials interacted with teachers\u27 knowledge of reading and reading instruction, and with the contexts in which they worked. As a result, curriculum materials both fostered and inhibited teachers\u27 on-the-job learning. We found that the 2 teachers with weak knowledge or more restrictive materials and environments learned the least and were least able to adapt instruction to meet the needs of their students. The 2 teachers with stronger knowledge, access to multiple materials, and support for decision making regarding materials and instructional strategies learned the most and were most able to adapt instruction. Furthermore, early experiences with specific curriculum materials had effects 2 years later on these teachers\u27 instructional practices. Implications for curriculum mandates, material selection, and professional development are discussed

Profesores de Sustancia: El conocimiento de la materia para la enseñanza

En este trabajo se aducen, en primer lugar, un conjunto de razones por las que, en el contexto norteamericano, es relevante el conocimiento de la materia en la formación del profesorado. Después se hace una revisión crítica de la investigación que se ha hecho en este área, centrándose en su propio programa de investigación sobre “Desarrollo del conocimiento en una profesión”. Finalmente, se definen y exploran cuatro dimensiones sobresalientes del conocimiento de la materia para la enseñanza: conocimiento del contenido, conocimiento sustantivo, conocimiento sintáctico y creencias acerca de la materia

Teachers of Substance: Subject Matter Knowledge for Teaching

En este trabajo se aducen, en primer lugar, un conjunto de razones por las que, en el contexto norteamericano, es relevante el conocimiento de la materia en la formación del profesorado. Después se hace una revisión crítica de la investigación que se ha hecho en este área, centrándose en su propio programa de investigación sobre “Desarrollo del conocimiento en una profesión”. Finalmente, se definen y exploran cuatro dimensiones sobresalientes del conocimiento de la materia para la enseñanza: conocimiento del contenido, conocimiento sustantivo, conocimiento sintáctico y creencias acerca de la materia.In this paper they are put forward, in the first place, a overview of the reasons why, in the american context, teacher education must share the responsability for the transmission of subject matter knowledge to prospective teachers. They move to a discussion of the research that has been done in this area, getting into focus in your research program about “Growth of Knowledge in Teaching”. Finally, they explore four prominent dimensions of the knowledge for the teaching: subject matter knowledge, substantive knowledge, syntactic knowledge, and beliefs about subject matter.Grupo de Investigación FORCE (Formación Centrada en la Escuela). Universidad de Granad

BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene.

MotivationThe BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene.Main types of variables includedThe database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record.Spatial location and grainBioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km2 (158 cm2) to 100 km2 (1,000,000,000,000 cm2).Time period and grainBioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year.Major taxa and level of measurementBioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates.Software format.csv and .SQL

The \u3cem\u3eChlamydomonas\u3c/em\u3e Genome Reveals the Evolution of Key Animal and Plant Functions

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga whose lineage diverged from land plants over 1 billion years ago. It is a model system for studying chloroplast-based photosynthesis, as well as the structure, assembly, and function of eukaryotic flagella (cilia), which were inherited from the common ancestor of plants and animals, but lost in land plants. We sequenced the ∼120-megabase nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas and performed comparative phylogenomic analyses, identifying genes encoding uncharacterized proteins that are likely associated with the function and biogenesis of chloroplasts or eukaryotic flagella. Analyses of the Chlamydomonas genome advance our understanding of the ancestral eukaryotic cell, reveal previously unknown genes associated with photosynthetic and flagellar functions, and establish links between ciliopathy and the composition and function of flagella